Good Wednesday Morning Professor and Class, this is Rachel. I'm in Hollywood, CA right now and have never enjoyed reading so much in my life other than in this class! Learning so much, and it's my pleasure to reiterate exactly what I have been blessed with enough than with the new level of comprehension.
According to Schmalleger (2014-01-01) the definition of rape in representing the context of criminal offenses for United States citizens, residents, and allegiant persons stands as the "penetration regardless of how violent or luring and disguised, of the genital areas both front and back of the 4 quadrant planes of the anatomical physics of the human body", and other forms of bodily intimacy (stranger--to--stranger) with involvement of the mouth from one person to and upon another in those forbidden areas.
It also stands that "forcible rape" (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01) is any type of carnal comprehension when the victim's' will is apparently not involved and the other party is invasive, imposing, uninvited, etc.
Year of 2012: Attorney General Eric Holder (Pp. 252) expressed concern over a hot topic regarding the newest way to define "rape" (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01) according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The overall definition from the common law meaning was described by FBI Director Robert Meuller and the CJIS Division's Advisory Policy Board to satisfy the void left from previous definitions which projected gender bias as well as misconception of physics based on the blunt force required to commit "forcible rape" (Pp. 252, 254).
The "forcible rape" (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01) was defined as "force upon a woman" and showed extreme bias--potential of a male victim, "nonvaginal assault" (Pp. 252) as a misconception of possibilities regarding location of body parts utilized in sexual gratification by the rapist, and lastly "omitted direct physical force" (Pp. 252). The prior definitions are according to the Uniformed Crime Reporting (UCR) Program for at least the past 70 to 80 years including the unknown mystery of what exactly 'carnal knowledge' represented (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01).
Changes: Revised Terminology (Pp. 252)
- Gender--Neutral
- Attorney General Eric Holder announced the significant change in 2012
- Revisions serves the UCR: Uniform Crime Reporting Program
- Statistics were reported of 53,800 "forcible rapes" (Pp. 252) of the 100,000 total rapes against females utilizing the revised terminology announced by Attorney General Eric Holder (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01).
Quotes for changes:
Previous terminology held that "the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim" (Schmalleger, 2014-01-01) whereas revisions emphasize possibilities that the majority percentage of these hate crime victims of "forcible rape" (Pp. 252) could mostly benefit all victims by overlooking negligence when defined more better as "the carnal knowledge of a person forcibly and against their will" (Pp. 252).
I have invented an acronym to assist in memorizing the 4 theoretical perspectives on rape which works in collaboration with mnemonic rhythym: Don't believe the hype of whitewashing rape, the truth exists in the FIPE (Sakhi, 2018):
- FIPE
- Feminist Pornography & Prostitution support the social process of rape
- Iintegrative Social Class Empowerment to control successful women
- Psychopathological Impuses and Mental Disease
- Evolutionary Natural
- Feminist Perspectives (Pp. 254): Dworkin & MacKinnon --
- Psychopathological Perspectives (Pp. 254): Groth is a prison psychologist -- Mental Disease & Uncontrollable Sexual Impulse
- Integrated Theory of Rape (Pp. 255): Barron & Straus -- For women with higher social status rape is considered a mechanism of social control over women
- Evolutionary/Biological Perspectives (Pp. 256): Palmer & Thornhill -- Natural
Citation
Schmalleger, F. (2015). Criminology today: An integrative introduction (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
